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- <text id=93CT1791>
- <title>
- Macau--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- East Asia
- Macau
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Macau, the oldest European settlement in the Far East, was
- used by Portuguese traders as early as 1516 as a stopover on the
- way to Japan. In 1557, the Chinese agreed to Portuguese
- settlement of Macau but did not recognize Portuguese
- sovereignty. Although a Portuguese municipal government was
- established, the sovereignty question was not settled for more
- than two centuries. Until the mid-19th century, when Macau's
- Portuguese governor became directly responsible to the
- government in Lisbon, the Portuguese administration of Macau
- was under the authority of the viceroy at Goa in Portuguese
- India.
- </p>
- <p> Initially, the Portuguese developed Macau's port as a trading
- post for China-Japan trade as well as for a staging port on the
- long voyage from Lisbon to Nagasaki. And when Chinese officials
- banned direct trade with Japan, the Macau Portuguese carried
- goods between the two countries.
- </p>
- <p> The first Portuguese governor was appointed to Macau in 1680,
- but the Chinese continued to assert their authority,
- particularly by collecting land and customs taxes. Portugal
- continued to pay rent to China until 1849, when the Portuguese
- abolished the Chinese customs house and declared Macau's
- "independence." But, it was almost four decades, on March 26,
- 1887, before the Manchu government acknowledged the Portuguese
- right of "perpetual occupation." The Manchu-Portuguese
- agreement, known as the Protocol of Lisbon, was signed with the
- condition that Portugal would never surrender Macau to a third
- party without China's permission.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Guangzhou
- (Canton) and Hong Kong, Macau enjoyed a brief period of economic
- prosperity as the only neutral port left in South China. In
- 1943, after violating Portuguese sovereignty on several
- occasions, Japan obtained a virtual protectorate over Macau.
- Japanese domination ended with the Allied victory in the Pacific
- in August 1945.
- </p>
- <p> When the Chinese communists came to power in 1949, they
- declared the Protocol of Lisbon to be invalid as an "unequal
- treaty" imposed by foreigners on China. Subsequently, however,
- Beijing stated that the Macau treaty problem need not be settled
- until "conditions are ripe," and then "peacefully through
- negotiations"; in the meantime, "the status quo should be
- maintained." Beijing took a similar position on treaties
- relating to the Hong Kong territories. A confrontation between
- local, leftist Chinese elements and the Macau police led to
- civil disturbances in November and December 1966. It was
- resolved in January 1967 with the signing of a protocol between
- the governor and leftist organizations. General relations have
- been peaceful and economically advantageous to both parties.
- </p>
- <p> Portugal and China established diplomatic relations in 1979,
- and a year later, Gen. Melo Egidio became the first governor of
- Macau to visit China. The visit underscored both parties'
- interest in finding a mutually agreeable solution to Macau's
- status. Negotiations between the two countries began in 1985, a
- year after the signing of the Sino-U. K. agreement returning
- Hong Kong to China in 1997, and concluded in 1987 with an
- agreement that will return Macau to Chinese authority in 1999.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- November 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-